Tuesday, 13 October 2020

Stenography: Diphthongs

 Chapter-5

Definition of diphthongs and types of diphthongs in the system of shorthand explained with suitable examples.

Diphthongs is a union of two vowel sounds in a single syllable. There are four diphthongs in the system of shorthand. They are as follow:-


These four diphthongs may be memorized by learning a sentence.

"I now enjoy music"

Diphthongs "I" and "OI" they are written at the first place.
Examples


Diphthong "OW" and "U", they are written at the third place

Examples


Diphthongs may be joined initially or finally so as to obtain the legible outline.
Examples


Before the consonant k, g, m, r sound of 'way' is indicated with the right semicircle instead of stroke form. But if there is a preceding vowel then consonant form is to be retain.
Examples



Triphones

When a vowel sign immediately follows a diphthong then it is to be indicated by written a small tick to the diphthong . Triphones is a union of three vowel sounds in a single syllable.
Examples

How to start Stenography Click Here.
Chapter-1: Consonants and Joined Strokes Click Here. 
Chapter-2: Use of Vowels Click Here.
Chapter-3: Intervening Vowels and Position Click Here.
Chapter-4: Alternative Signs for R & H Click Here.
Chapter-5: Diphthongs Click Here.
Chapter-6: Phraseography Click Here.
Chapter-7: Circle S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-8: Stroke S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-9: Large Circles 'SW' and 'SS' or 'SZ' Click Here.
Chapter-10: Loop ST and STR Click Here.
Chapter-11: Initial Hooks to Straight Strokes Click Here.
Chapter-12: Alternative Forms Click Here.
Chapter-13: Circle or Loop Preceding Initial Hook Click Here.

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Stenography: Alternative Signs for R & H

 Chapter-4

Explanation of alternative forms of consonant 'R' & 'H' with suitable examples.

Consonant 'R' & 'H' are represented by two different forms. One downward form and other upward form so as to have easier joining with the other consonants and for clear indication of vowel.

    1. Initial 'R' is written in the downward direction when there is a preceding vowel.
                                
    2. Initial or final 'R' is written in the upward direction when followed by a vowel.



    3. Before the consonant 'M' 'R' is written in downward direction.


Consonant 'H'

In most of the cases, upward form of 'H' is given preference, but in following circumstances downward form of 'H' is to be retained.

    1. When a complete word is formed with a single consonant 'H' then downward form is to be used.



    2. Before the consonant 'Kay' and 'Gay' downward form of 'H' is to be used.



Grammalogues 

Frequently occurring words are represented in shorthand by a single sign, as for be. These words are called grammalouges or letter words and the shorthand character that represent them are called logograms.

Examples


How to start Stenography Click Here.
Chapter-1: Consonants and Joined Strokes Click Here. 
Chapter-2: Use of Vowels Click Here.
Chapter-3: Intervening Vowels and Position Click Here.
Chapter-4: Alternative Signs for R & H Click Here.
Chapter-5: Diphthongs Click Here.
Chapter-6: Phraseography Click Here.
Chapter-7: Circle S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-8: Stroke S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-9: Large Circles 'SW' and 'SS' or 'SZ' Click Here.
Chapter-10: Loop ST and STR Click Here.
Chapter-11: Initial Hooks to Straight Strokes Click Here.
Chapter-12: Alternative Forms Click Here.
Chapter-13: Circle or Loop Preceding Initial Hook Click Here.

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Monday, 12 October 2020

Stenography: Intervening Vowels and Position

Chapter-3

Definition of intervening vowel with three examples where an intervening vowel is used and explained the position of outlines.

        Occurrence of vowel between the two strokes is known as intervening or when a vowel intervene between two strokes is known as intervening vowel.
  1. When first and second place vowel either (.) dot and dash (-) vowel is intervening, that is to be written after the first stroke according to the place value of the vowel.
  2. The third place vowel when intervening between two strokes is to be written before the second stroke at the end because it is more conveniently written there and we obtain the legible outline.
  3. In case of combination words vowel sign is placed to the separate word, as there are three places close to which a vowel is written. Similarly there are three positions according to which a word is written.
First position             -          Above the line
                  Second position         -          On the line                        
    Third   position          -          Through the line

        The first sounded vowel determine the position of the outline i.e., if first sounded vowel is the first place value then word is to be written above the line, if the second place value then word is written on the line and if the third place value the word is written through the line.
          In case of horizontal strokes, if a word consists all the consonants of horizontal nature and the first sounded vowel is of third place value, the word is to be written on the line instead of through the line because it is not practicable to write the horizontal stroke through the line.

Examples:
First place vowel intervening.

Second place vowel intervening

Third place vowel intervening.



How to start Stenography Click Here.
Chapter-1: Consonants and Joined Strokes Click Here. 
Chapter-2: Use of Vowels Click Here.
Chapter-3: Intervening Vowels and Position Click Here.
Chapter-4: Alternative Signs for R & H Click Here.
Chapter-5: Diphthongs Click Here.
Chapter-6: Phraseography Click Here.
Chapter-7: Circle S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-8: Stroke S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-9: Large Circles 'SW' and 'SS' or 'SZ' Click Here.
Chapter-10: Loop ST and STR Click Here.
Chapter-11: Initial Hooks to Straight Strokes Click Here.
Chapter-12: Alternative Forms Click Here.
Chapter-13: Circle or Loop Preceding Initial Hook Click Here.

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Sunday, 11 October 2020

Stenography: Use of vowels.

Chapter-2

Definition of vowels and type of vowels:

        When the mouth passage is left open in such a manner that there don't exist any audible friction and the voice breath is allowed to come through that passage then we have a vowel.

        There are 12 vowel in the system of shorthand, six long vowels and six short vowels.

Long Vowels

                                    .           .             .           -          -            -

                                  Ah         a            e        Aw        o           oo

                                  Pa        may       we       all         go         too

Short Vowels

                                    .           .             .           -          -            -

                                    a            e           i          o          u          oo

                                 That        pen        is        not      much     good

        The above 12 vowels may be remembered by learning the above two sentences. Long vowels are represented by heavy (dark) dot and dash, likewise short vowels are represented by light dot and light dash.

Vowel places

        There are a three places on a stroke close to which a vowel is written. The place value is to be counted from where the stroke is starting.


1. In case of down strokes, vowel place value is to be counted from top to downward.

                    

2. In case of up strokes, the vowel place value is to be counted from bottom to upward.

                    

3. In case of horizontal strokes, the vowel place value is to be counted from left to right.

                     
Heavy dot & dash

        A heavy dot written at the first place indicate the vowel 'Ah', a heavy dot written at the second place indicate the vowel 'a', and at the third place indicate the vowel 'e'.

        Likewise, a heavy dash at the first place indicate 'Aw' the second place 'o' and the third place indicate the vowel 'oo'.

Examples:

                     
Light dot & dash

        Short vowels are represented by light dot and light dash and each vowel posses the same place value as that of long vowel.

Examples:

                   

Example of preceding vowels.
                   

Example of following vowels.
                   

Example of preceding and following vowels.
                 
Read and write these outlines more than 50 times each.



How to start Stenography Click Here.
Chapter-1: Consonants and Joined Strokes Click Here. 
Chapter-2: Use of Vowels Click Here.
Chapter-3: Intervening Vowels and Position Click Here.
Chapter-4: Alternative Signs for R & H Click Here.
Chapter-5: Diphthongs Click Here.
Chapter-6: Phraseography Click Here.
Chapter-7: Circle S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-8: Stroke S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-9: Large Circles 'SW' and 'SS' or 'SZ' Click Here.
Chapter-10: Loop ST and STR Click Here.
Chapter-11: Initial Hooks to Straight Strokes Click Here.
Chapter-12: Alternative Forms Click Here.
Chapter-13: Circle or Loop Preceding Initial Hook Click Here.

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Friday, 9 October 2020

Stenography: Consonants and Joined Strokes.

Chapter-1

Consonants

The consonants are written by the students in the direction shows in the front of consonants (strokes). The curves m, n and ing (ng)  started from left side and the straight strokes k and g are written on the line. Example given below:


Chay and Ray

Chay is always written upward to downward direction at an angle of 30 degree from the perpendicular and Ray is always written downward to upward direction at an angle of 30 degree from the horizontal.

Joined Strokes 

When we start written joined strokes must be written without lifting the pen. Students will see the correct angle and directions for the upright and sloping characters if he/she will copy and practice the example given below:

Read and write more than 50 times each word (consonant).


Some more joining strokes given below for your practice.

1. pk, pd, pdl, bm, bml, bn

2. tm, tml, tb, dm, dmr, ch m

3. ch mn, jn, wk, wv, wd, wd th

4. g sh, g sh ng, kv, dp, dpl, dnd

5. ln, ln ch, lnd, nt, ntm, nv

6. nm, nml, ml, mld, l ng k, lk

Read and write more than 50 times each word (consonant).


How to start Stenography Click Here.
Chapter-1: Consonants and Joined Strokes Click Here. 
Chapter-2: Use of Vowels Click Here.
Chapter-3: Intervening Vowels and Position Click Here.
Chapter-4: Alternative Signs for R & H Click Here.
Chapter-5: Diphthongs Click Here.
Chapter-6: Phraseography Click Here.
Chapter-7: Circle S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-8: Stroke S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-9: Large Circles 'SW' and 'SS' or 'SZ' Click Here.
Chapter-10: Loop ST and STR Click Here.
Chapter-11: Initial Hooks to Straight Strokes Click Here.
Chapter-12: Alternative Forms Click Here.
Chapter-13: Circle or Loop Preceding Initial Hook Click Here.

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Thursday, 8 October 2020

Stenography: How to start stenography.

 Stenography is an art of writing. It is also known as shorthand. There are 26 consonants (strokes) in this system of shorthand. Consonants are result of audible friction. Its first addition was published om the year 1837 by Sir Isaac Pitman. System invented by Sir Isaac Pitman is phonetic, when the spoken sounds are represented by shorthand character then it is defined as phonography. 

Classification of Consonants:

1. Explodents

            First eight consonants (strokes) are pronounced in such a manner that outgoing breathe is allowed to come in haste through the barriers previously closed. These are the straight strokes written in pair with light and dark impression.

                                          


2. Continuants

            These eight consonants (strokes) are the slopping curves, also written in pair first one in the light impression and second one with dark impression. These strokes are pronounced in continuous stream through the barriers partially open.


3. Nasals

            These three consonants (strokes) are known as nasals because the outgoing voice is allowed to escape through nose. These are the horizontal strokes.


4. Liquids 

    

    These two consonants (strokes) are known as liquids because they mix up with the other consonants in the form of hook and form a double consonants.

                                        

5. Coalescents

        

    These two consonants either precede or follow a vowel and unite with them to form a complete word.

                                       

6. Aspirate

            It is known as aspirate when it is not possible to use the consonants form then it is indicated as a small dot before the vowel upon which it aspirate. This consonant is written with the two different form upward and downward.

                                       


How to start Stenography Click Here.
Chapter-1: Consonants and Joined Strokes Click Here. 
Chapter-2: Use of Vowels Click Here.
Chapter-3: Intervening Vowels and Position Click Here.
Chapter-4: Alternative Signs for R & H Click Here.
Chapter-5: Diphthongs Click Here.
Chapter-6: Phraseography Click Here.
Chapter-7: Circle S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-8: Stroke S & Z Click Here.
Chapter-9: Large Circles 'SW' and 'SS' or 'SZ' Click Here.
Chapter-10: Loop ST and STR Click Here.
Chapter-11: Initial Hooks to Straight Strokes Click Here.
Chapter-12: Alternative Forms Click Here.
Chapter-13: Circle or Loop Preceding Initial Hook Click Here.

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